BBC.地平线.2012.认识狗狗

现在 把狗当做群居动物驯养
But now, the concept of treating your dog
就像驯化野狼
as though it’s a pack animal,
这种理念
just a tamer version of the grey wolf,
也许会被彻底推♥翻♥
may be overturned altogether.
犬类行为专家约翰·布拉德肖
Dog behaviour expert John Bradshaw has undertaken a research
正在进行一项挑战”管控训狗法”的研究
which challenges the dominance training method.
基本上有两个原因可以解释
There are essentially two reasons
这种基于惩罚的训练并非正确之法
why that kind of punishment-based training is flawed.
约翰·布拉德肖博士
著有《捍卫狗狗》
原因之一是我们理解错了狼群结构
One is that we got the wolf pack structure wrong.
人们以为 大狼通过武力控制小狼
It was thought, big wolves controlled little wolves by aggression
控制狗也要用此种方法
and that was the way to control dogs,
也就是说你要扮演大狼
that you needed to be the big wolf
让狗扮演小狼
and that the dog has to be the little wolf,
否则你便管不住狗
otherwise the whole thing doesn’t work.
这种想法来自于
The idea came from studies of
对于动物园中的狼的研究
wolves in wildlife parks and in zoos.
当时科学家没有意识到的是
What the scientists didn’t realise at the time was
他们把一堆彼此陌生的狼放到了一起
they’d put together a load of wolves that didn’t know each other
它们之间没有血缘关系
and weren’t related to one another, and therefore
因此它们就没有和谐相处的动机了
they really had no incentive for getting along with one another.
你的实验对象是一个人工拼凑的狼群
So you had these artificial packs
在这里 最强最壮的狼控制了其他弱小的狼
where the biggest, strongest wolves controlled the weaker ones.
如果在野外 弱小的狼会自行离开
Now in the wild, the weaker ones would have left
它们也许会生活得更好
and probably done quite well on their own.
但在动物园 它们无法离开
But in zoos they couldn’t leave,
笼子挡住了它们的去路
the bars were in the way.
现在我们知道了 狼群并不是靠武力结成的
We now know that the wolf pack structure is not based on aggression.
而是以血缘关系为基础 远非从属关系
It’s based on family ties, where far from being subordinate.
狼群中年轻的成员自愿留下
The younger members of the pack stay on as volunteers,
帮助父母抚养下一代
they stay on to help their parents to raise the next generation of cubs.
所以根据这个理论控制狗的想法
So that part of the whole story of dominating your dog
就被彻底推♥翻♥了
has really been swept away.
狗群理论的第二个错误之处便是
The second reason why the science behind the dog pack idea is flawed
当人类不去干扰狗狗
is that when you put dogs on their own,
它们自♥由♥自在
when they’re allowed to do their own thing
随心所欲地活动时
with minimal interference from people,
它们不会形成狼群那样的群体
they don’t form wolf type packs.
我们在动物收♥容♥所♥做了一个实验
We’ve done a study on dogs in an animal sanctuary,
让这些流浪狗继续以狗的方式生活
dogs that are unhomeable but have essentially been allowed to
人类尽量不要参与其中
live their lives as dogs, with minimal contact with people.
假设它们像狼一样思考
If they were still thinking like wolves,
那么它们应该建立一个狼群般的狗群
the hypothesis is that they should have set up a wolf type pack.
狗群里最大最壮
That the biggest and strongest,
或者仅仅是最具攻击性的狗
or maybe just most aggressive dogs in that group
应该征服狗群里的其他狗
should dominate the other ones in the group.
但我们的发现却截然相反
But what we found was something really quite different.
这里根本就没有所谓的”狼群”
That there wasn’t a wolf pack structure at all.
三三两两的狗组成一个小群体
Dogs formed relationships with one or two others in the group
它们通常愿意一起闲逛
that they would tend to hang around with
一起玩耍 彼此之间有好感
and they were based on play and affection
基本上一起行动
and just basically doing things together.
所以你不会看到设想的群体结构
So you don’t get this pack structure,
不会看到以武力镇♥压♥形成的群体
this single pack structure based on aggression.
在狗的驯化过程中
Sometime in the domestication of the dog,
我们已经改变了它们的思维方式
we’ve changed the way their brains work.
我们认为
What we think has happened
狗狗脑中的家庭结构
is that pack family structure has been replaced in the dog’s mind
更倾向于亲近主人
with a much greater tendency to bond towards people.
训练狗狗的最好方法就是
The best method for training dogs is essentially
通过轻拍回应它对你流露出的自然好感
to tap into that natural affection that dogs feel for you.
每一只狗生来都有着亲近人类的强烈倾向
The average dog is born with a very strong tendency to love people.
如果它的行为令你满意
You can tap into that
你可以拍拍它以示奖励
simply by rewarding the behaviour you want
或者多多关心它 跟它玩游戏
with attention, with a game,
必要的话可以用食物奖励
with food if necessary,
如果它是一只小馋狗
if that’s the kind of dog it is,
那些令你不满意的行为 无视即可
and ignoring the behaviour you don’t want.
奖励训练法并不是新兴概念
Reward-based training isn’t a new concept.
它源自行为心理学的研究
It came from behavioural psychology studies
二十年来一直在跟掌控训练法
and has been competing with the dominance theory of dog training
互相抗衡
for over 20 years.
用这个跟它玩会游戏 跟它拉扯一会
Just have a little game with him with it. A little tugging game.
我们不再使用狗链
We don’t use choke-chains these days.
我们尽量表扬 鼓励 奖赏它们
We try and do it all with praise and incentive and titbits.
乖宝贝 坐下 乖
Good boy. Sit. Good boy.
你看 鼓励的方法立刻见效
Notice the praise coming in straight away.
你好棒 你好棒
Big fuss. Good girl. Big fuss! Good girl.
心肝 心肝
Good boy. Good boy.
安布尔 真乖
Amber. Good girl.
采用这种训练方法的饲主对满意结果赞不绝口
And the trainers who use this method boast impressive results.
-真乖 -好棒
– Good boy! – Smashing!
接着
Go!
不可思议 做得好
Fantastic, well done.
乖乖
Good boy!
坐 给 乖宝宝
Sit. Food. Good girl.
我认为奖励训练法的
I think the situation where reward-based training
真正价值在于
has really showed its worth
狗狗可以完成你无法想象的任务
in a situation where perhaps you might imagine it wouldn’t
军犬可以通过嗅觉找出弹炮和其他东西
is in the military to sniff out guns and bombs and so on.
一旦狗狗找到搜寻目标
The reward that’s used is a game with the handler
它就可以跟训练官玩上一会
once its actually found what it’s supposed to find.
好小子 好了吗 把它找出来
Good boy. Ready? Go and seek it out.
我想 这一点揭示了
And this just shows you, I think,
狗狗有多么重视我们的陪伴
just how much dogs value our company.
它们为了能和人类玩上一会
They’ll do anything, pretty much,
几乎可以做到任何事情
for the reward of playing with a human being.
真乖
Good boy.
军队会直接采用
The military will use a training method
最有效的训练方法
that’s simply the most effective
因为这些任务人命关天
because human lives depend upon it.
他们发现奖励训练法
And what they found is that reward-based training
训练出的狗实际上更出色
actually produces a more effective dog,
它是一个高效工具
a more effective piece of kit,
可以完成指派的任务
for the purpose that require it,
惩罚训狗法的成果则逊色许多
than a dog trained with punishment.
所以军队采用了奖励训练法
That’s why they’ve adopted it.
而并不是出于感情原因
It’s not for any sentimental reason.
我认为这是奖励训练法
And I think that’s the kind of reward-based training
让我印象最深刻的地方
that really impresses me the most.
好小子 真棒 真棒 过来
Good boy! Who’s a good lad! Who’s a good lad! Come on!
人类的驯化已经彻底地改变了狗狗
Domestication has changed the dog irreversibly.
那种”我们要先了解狼”
And so the whole idea that we need to understand the wolf
“然后才能了解狗”的想法
and it’s the only way to understand what dogs are thinking,
我想 科学已经否定了这种说法
I think it’s just science says that’s wrong.
科学不仅向我们展示了
Science has not only shown us
野生遗传特征在狗狗身上的体现
how the dogs’ wild heritage has left its mark–
总而言之 狗就是狼
In a word, the dog is all wolf.
而且揭示了人类对于狗狗的影响
–but how the impact of human beings on the dog
更为深远流长
has been perhaps even more profound.
在资源不断减少的今天
In a world of dwindling resources
许多野生动物正濒临灭绝
when so much wildlife is under threat,
狗 通过与人类协作
dogs, by collaborating with us,
已经成为进化史上一件不可思议的成功案例
have become an incredible evolutionary success story.
来 宝贝 走吧
Come on, girl. Out you go.
没错
So as obvious as it sounds,
我们能为狗狗做的最好的事
it seems like the best thing we can do for dogs,
就是待其如狗
is to treat them like dogs.
因为它们不是狼
Because they’re not wolves,
也不是缩小了的人类
but then again they aren’t miniature people either.