会运送至全球各地
is shipped all over the world.
(日本、墨西哥、多明尼加)
我们处于全球的粮食系统
We’re in a global food system
粮食的进出口遍及世界各地
where we’re importing and exporting food all over the place.
所以发生在这裡的问题 当然可能会被出口到别的地方
So problems that occur here can certainly be exported elsewhere.
细菌才不在乎边界
Bacteria don’t care about borders.
不在乎进出口管制
They don’t care about import and export restrictions.
消费者不会去烹调生菜
Consumers don’t cook lettuce.
无法在厨房♥裡控制这份风险 因为我们是生吃
There’s no way to control that risk in our kitchen. We eat it fresh.
所以没有高温杀菌的步骤
So there’s no kill step.
你可以清洗,但依然不是真的杀菌
You can clean it, but you’re still not truly killing.
而“有机”的意思 只是用了比较少的化学物质和农药
And “organic” only means that it uses less chemicals, pesticides.
有机完全不表示没有病原体
Organic simply doesn’t mean pathogen-free.
请解释一下蔬菜裡为何会有大肠杆菌
Explain how we get E. coli in greens.
这其实不是生菜的错
Right. So it’s actually not the lettuce’s fault.
没错,不是 -是牲畜的缘故
That’s right. It really isn’t. – It’s the livestock.
我们饲养动物的方式 有可能助长这些细菌
How we raise animals can fuel the growth of these bugs.
如果我们把动物挤在一起
So if we crowd the animals together,
只要有一隻带有很糟的病原体 好比O157型大肠杆菌
and you have one that’s carrying a really bad pathogen like E. coli O157,
然后粪便裡会有这些细菌
then they can poop those bacteria out.
接着牲口的粪便被冲刷
And then, the shit from the cattle washes off
进入溪流或是灌溉水渠
into the streams or into canals, irrigation canals,
这些水可能被用于灌溉这些植物
and then those can be used to water these plants.
这种配送系统
You have this distribution system
把病原体从动物带到农产品
for these pathogens from animals to produce.
对于动物排泄物的管理规范微乎其微
The regulation of animal waste is minimal.
书上有法规,但没有执行
We have laws on the books, but they’re not enforced.
这是美国的丑闻
That is an American scandal.
让史黛芬妮生病的是 亚利桑那州犹马栽种的萝美生菜
What got Stephanie sick was romaine lettuce grown in Yuma, Arizona,
尤其是在维尔顿水渠区
specifically in the Wellton Canal area,
正好流经高度密集的圈养场
which happens to run right past the concentrated feedlots.
这些土地使用的问题
Those are land-use issues that,
我认为食品药物管理局 美国农业部、联邦政♥府♥、州政♥府♥
I think, are the things that FDA, USDA, the federal government, state governments,
环保局
Environmental Protection Agency,
以上这些实体都还无法妥善处理
all of those entities haven’t kind of come to grips with that yet.
(疾病管制暨预防中心 美国农业部)
(食安检验局 穀物检验、批发及畜牧场管理局)
共有15个联邦单位或多或少
There are 15 federal agencies that in one form or another,
都有负责食安管理规范
are tasked with food safety regulation.
美国农业部主要处理肉类
The USDA primarily deals with meat.
主责盒子裡的杰克大肠杆菌桉
They were at the helm of the Jack in the Box E. coli case.
而食品药物管理局处理绿叶蔬菜 好比萝美生菜和菠菜
And the FDA deals with leafy greens, like romaine and spinach.
(美国农业部和食品药物管理局 同意受访30分钟)
妳好吗? -很好,幸会
Go ahead. – Nice to meet you.
妳介意坐哪一边吗?给妳选 -我都可以
Do you care which side? You pick. – No. I don’t.
好,那我坐这儿
Okay, I’ll sit over here.
太好了
Great.
好的,好了吗?
Okay, we ready?
什麽是你们的管辖权? 什麽又是你们的管辖权?
What falls under your jurisdiction? What falls under your jurisdiction?
没问题,我先开始说
Sure, I’ll start.
美国农业部管理肉类、禽肉产品 蛋品和鲶鱼
USDA regulates meat and poultry products, egg products, and catfish.
而食品药物管理局管理 珊卓拉没有提及
And the FDA regulates, uh, all foods involved in interstate commerce
州际所有和食品相关的商业 所以约占80%的美国粮食系统
that Sandy didn’t mention, so it’s about 80% of the US food system.
这是非常重大的责任,我们严肃以对
It’s a large responsibility and one that we take very seriously.
我们在食安界的管理规范框架
The regulatory framework
非常複杂
we have in the world of food safety is pretty complicated.
假设有餐厅做的牛肉塔可包
Let’s say you have a beef taco that’s made in a restaurant.
牛肉是受美国农业部管理的食物
So the beef, well, that’s a USDA-regulated food.
起司和上头的莎莎酱
Cheese and any of the pico de gallo that’s on top of that,
这些是食品药物管理局管理的食物
those are FDA-regulated foods.
塔可包的製作 那是发生在餐厅之内
All of the making of that taco, well, that’s happening in a restaurant
这是由当地的卫♥生♥部♥门管理
that’s regulated by the local health department.
所以这是很複杂的程序
So it’s a really complicated process.
光是那个塔可包
There’s lots of different fingers
就涉及很多不同的管辖单位
that can be touching regulatory on that taco.
发生食媒性疫情大爆发时
When there’s a foodborne illness outbreak,
没有单一的专责单位
no single agency is responsible.
所以会有很多甩锅指责
So there’s a lot of finger-pointing.
艾斯钦小姐 美国农业部
Ms. Eskin, does the USDA do anything
针对饲养牲口
on these cattle operations
有去确保动物排泄物 不会进入灌溉水吗?
to make sure animal waste isn’t getting into the irrigation water?
我们并无职权去直接管辖 食用动物的产物…
We have no direct authority on any of the production pieces of food animals…
我们在职权范围内尽最大努力…
We are doing the best that we can do with our authorities…
我们没有职权…
We don’t have that authority… We do not have authority…
我们所拥有或没有的职权…
Authority we have or don’t have…
感觉体系当中有缺口,不是吗?
Feels like a gap in the system. Does it not?
我认为这个问题需要去问国会…
I think that’s a question you need to ask Congress…
那是国会的决定
That’s Congress’s decision…
检验程序得要向国会提出
The inspection process has to be raised with Congress…
我们无权至喙
It’s not for us to say.
这得要是来自国会的决定
It’s really something that has to come from Congress.
针对妳的回答,妳说这是国会的问题
To your response that it’s a question for Congress,
妳会支持立法让美国农业部 对农地有管辖权吗?
would you support legislation that gave USDA jurisdiction on the farm?
我没有立场去替立法背书
I’m not in a position to endorse legislation.
做为管理组织,那不属于我们的范围
As the regulatory body, that’s not our lane.
雅纳斯先生,食品药物管理局 正如何解决这个问题
Mr. Yiannas, what is the FDA doing to solve the problem,
消费者应该要感到满意吗?
and should consumers be satisfied?
我们相信食品药物管理局 连同整个食品工业
We believe that the FDA, as well as the entire food industry,
新鲜绿叶蔬菜业 可以也必须做得更多
the fresh leafy green industry, can and must do more.
让我强调,必须做得更多
Let me stress, must do more.
栽种者有责任在身
Growers have a responsibility,
主要的责任是要明白他们的产品
the primary responsibility to understand whether their products
是否可能被污染 并採取措施减轻这类风险
can be contaminated and take measures to mitigate those risks.
我是提姆约克…
My name is Tim York. T-I-M Y-O-R-K
我该怎麽打你的头衔?
How should I title you for your position?
执行长
Uh, CEO.
任职于? -LGMA
Of? – LGMA.
LGMA是“绿叶蔬菜行销协议”的缩写
LGMA stands for Leafy Greens Marketing Agreement.
我们创立于2007年 确保生菜和绿叶蔬菜的安全
We were started in 2007 to, uh, ensure safety in lettuce and leafy greens.
有哪些属于 绿叶蔬菜行销协议的处理单位
What are some of the more recognizable handlers
可能是我们比较知道的?
that are part of the LGMA that we might know?
绿叶蔬菜行销协议的成员 包括有都乐食品、新鲜快递
Members of LGMA would include Dole, Fresh Express,
即时包、泰勒农场、有机女孩
Ready Pac, Taylor Farms, uh, Organic Girl.
这些八成是在零售货架上 会看到的包装沙拉
Those are all names you probably see on the retail shelf of packaged salads.
(新鲜快递)
成立绿叶蔬菜行销协议是为了回应
The Leafy Greens Marketing Agreements
2006年的菠菜疫情大爆发
were formed in response to the 2006 spinach outbreak.
(2006年)
联邦当局对于菠菜提出新的警告
Feds have a new warning about spinach.
要大家避免所有菠菜 不只是袋装菠菜
They want you to stay away from all spinach, not just the bagged produce.
事关市场上数以百计的袋装生菠菜
We’re talking about hundreds of bags of raw spinach out here.
此刻没人在吃生菠菜 这些全部都要丢进垃圾筒
Now, no one is eating raw spinach, and all of it is going in the garbage.
这是同样致命的大肠杆菌株
This is the same deadly strain of E. coli
和盒子裡的杰克疫情大爆发一样
that we saw in the Jack in the Box outbreak.
业界陷入极度恐慌
The industry was terrorized.
担心要是这种情况一再发生
They worried that if this were to occur again and again and again,
如果无法找出问题的根源
if they didn’t get to the bottom of this problem,
形同将会葬送加州的绿叶蔬菜业
that it would essentially destroy the California leafy greens industry.
2006年的菠菜疫情大爆发 是业界的分水岭时刻
The spinach outbreak of 2006
因为那是有史以来第一次
was a watershed moment for the industry because that was really the first time
我们注意到我们的运作 会如何影响到民众
that we were aware of how our practices affected people.
(注意!食安区域)
(严禁入内、严禁骑马、严禁动物)
(多谢配合)
病原体是如何移♥动♥的?
How do pathogens move?
我们会观看许多事项
We look at a number of things.
第一就是水
One of them being water.
第二是和其他营运的距离
One of them being proximity to other operations.
第三会是卫生作业
One of them would be the sanitation practices
他们如何操作农场上的机具装备
and how they handle machinery and equipment on the farm.
我想其实问题在于
I think it’s just been really a matter
业界像是在玩打地鼠
of the industry sort of does a whack-a-mole.
“好,我们会做检验”
“Oh, we’ll do testing.”
“好,我们会让大家都戴髮网”
“Oh, we’ll make everybody wear a hairnet.”
但他们就是不愿意去面对处理 事实上真正的问题在于