If you buy a piece of steak, that’s a piece of meat from one animal.
如果有大肠杆菌 也是在外头,不是在中间
If there is E. coli, it’s on the outside. It’s not in the middle.
所以炙烧牛排就有助于杀掉大肠杆菌
So searing the steak would help kill that.
问题在于你买♥♥牛绞肉的时候
The problem is that when you buy ground beef,
这时表面的污染源 都被一起溷到了裡头去
you now take the outsides, and they’re part of the insides.
这不只是在同一处设施
Not only are you bringing all the animals together
屠宰所有这些动物
and slaughtering them in the same facility,
更是把多隻动物的大肉块
now you’re taking chunks of multiple animals,
绞成了一大团
and you’re grinding them up into one big mess.
有时汉堡的溷合肉
Hamburger, sometimes, is the result of mixing meat
来自多达四百隻动物
from as many as 400 animals.
想起来还挺糟糕的
Kind of awful to think about.
如果有其中哪隻动物 带有这种有毒的大肠杆菌
If one of those animals has this toxic form of E. coli,
你就麻烦了
you’re in trouble.
盒子裡的杰克事件的后续
In the aftermath of Jack in the Box,
美国农业部的人和受害者会面
you know, people from USDA met with victims,
也要称讚一下柯林顿政♥权♥
and, you know, the Clinton Administration, to their credit,
带入非常积极的活动人士
brought in people who were pretty activist.
麦克?
Mike?
麦克泰勒就是其一
You know, Mike Taylor being one.
我们有意把食用肉类和禽肉产品
We intend to reduce the risk of foodborne illness
所衍生出来的食媒性疾病风险
associated with the consumption of meat and poultry products
在最大的可能限度之下,降至最低
to the maximum extent possible.
谢谢你
Thank you.
美国农业部当时的官方政策是
The official policy of the USDA was
这并非监管系统或是业界的责任
that this is not the responsibility of the regulatory system or the industry.
而期待消费者能够烹调这些产品
Consumers are expected to cook these products
自行做到安全的程度
and make them safe themselves.
说到底呢,生肉含有细菌
The bottom line is that raw meat contains bacteria.
而妥善的烹调能够杀死细菌
And proper cooking kills bacteria.
对于失去孩子的母亲
To mothers that lost children,
对于家人受到 这次疫情大爆发伤害的人来说
to people whose families had been harmed by this outbreak,
这种说法既惊人也相当难以接受
that was, uh, a shocking and highly unacceptable revelation.
我们当时得要立即行动 来改变这种态势
We simply had to take action immediately to try to change the dynamic.
所以我做出了决定,我们会宣布 – 将O157:
And so I did make the decision that we would declare
H7型大肠杆菌视为掺假
H7 to be an adulterant,
市场上含有O157: – H7型大肠杆菌的 生牛绞肉,因而会被认定为违法
and raw ground beef in the marketplace would be deemed illegal,
而美国农业部可以採取行动 快速将该产品从市场下架
and USDA could take action to remove it quickly from the market.
这让原有的情况完全改观
That was a big game changer.
亦即肉类裡头 – 不能有O157: – H7型大肠杆菌
It meant that it can’t be in the meat.
如果有的话,就得要全数下市
If it was in the meat, you had to pull it off the marketplace.
今天看到的违规比例是微乎其微
You know, the rates that you see today are very minimal,
很少看到涉及牛绞肉的 大肠杆菌疫情大爆发
and you rarely see an E. coli outbreak involving ground beef,
所以这是很强力的主张 就是这些改革具有很重大的影响
so it’s a strong argument of just how much those reforms had an impact.
(瘦肉)
(超瘦肉)
30年前
Thirty years ago,
我经手的 全是和汉堡有关的大肠杆菌桉
all the work that I did was E. coli cases linked to hamburger.
今天则完全没有
Today, that’s zero.
这是个成功故事
I mean, it’s a success story.
(盒子裡的杰克疫情大爆发 永远改变了牛肉业)
(但我们仍未解决 其他食品内含病原体的问题)
以前大肠杆菌最大的威胁来自汉堡
It used to be the biggest E. coli threat was from hamburgers.
所以你想说只要不吃汉堡就没事了
So you’d think, “Okay, as long as I don’t eat hamburgers, I’m okay.”
疾病管制暨预防中心 今天下午发出警告
And the CDC with a warning this afternoon
指出大肠杆菌疫情大爆发 和嫩菠菜有所关连
about an E. coli outbreak linked to baby spinach.
卫生官员警告消费者
Health officials are warning consumers
切勿食用乔西有机的有机嫩菠菜
to not eat Josie’s Organics organic baby spinach.
有几起大肠杆菌桉 和有机绿色力量有关
Several cases of E. coli linked to organic power greens.
而如今大肠杆菌桉
And now E. coli is
肇因显然是生菜,多过于牛绞肉
by far, uh, caused by lettuce more than ground beef.
吃汉堡的时候
When you eat a hamburger,
最危险的部分不是汉堡肉
the most dangerous part of that is not the burger.
而将会是洋葱、生菜和番茄
It’s going to be the onion, lettuce, and the tomatoes.
(密苏里州,圣路易)
我吃过坏掉的马铃薯沙拉 或就是食物中毒
You know, I’ve had bad potato salad or something that was, you know…Just food poisoning
我原本以为食媒性疾病就是那样
was my idea of what a foodborne illness is.
那天早上我们临出门前 史黛芬妮跑来找我
Stephanie came to me, um, the morning we were leaving
说她觉得有点…
and just said, you know, that she was feeling a little…
有些胀气和有点拉肚子
Having some gas and, you know, a little bit of diarrhea.
但她以为只是紧张的缘故
But she just thought she was nervous,
我们也完全没有多想
and we didn’t think anything of it at all.
一、二、三
One, two, three.
(2018年3月)
各位女士先生 我首先欢迎各位来到蓬塔卡纳
Ladies and gentlemen,let me be the first to welcome you to Punta Cana.
当我们到了多明尼加,
When we got to the Dominican Republic,
在度假村裡
and we were at the resort,
她觉得好像比较舒服了一点
she felt like she was feeling a little bit better.
她去淋浴
She took a shower.
但当天晚上,情况越来越糟
But throughout the night, it progressed, getting worse and worse,
这时我发现我们需要寻求协助
and that’s when I realized we needed to get some help.
做了一大堆检验,看了一大堆医师 真的是恶梦一场
It was an absolute nightmare of tests and doctors.
他们一直告诉我们她会好起来 说会给她打抗生素
They kept telling us, “She’ll be better. We’ll give her these antibiotics.”
她受到某种细菌感染 明天就可以回渡假村了
“She has this kind of bug. She’ll be back at the resort tomorrow.”
然后到了隔天早上
And then the next morning,
医院让我进去看她
when they let me go in to see her,
她认不出我是谁
she didn’t recognize me.
她在扯头髮
She was… she was pulling at her hair.
我说她这是痉挛了
I’m like, “She’s having a seizure.”
她的肾脏停止运作,脑部肿胀
Her kidneys had stopped functioning, and she was having swelling of her brain.
我被请出去,医护全都冲进病房♥
They made me leave, and they all rushed in,
那就像是…恶梦裡头的场景
and it was just like from a bad…
一场噩梦
A nightmare.
这整件事都是
Uh, the whole thing.
医师把坎荻拉去走道说
The doctor pulled Candie aside in a hallway
“妳得要快点帮女儿转院”
and said, you know, “You got to get her out of here.”
我马上回家 联繫了
I immediately went home and contacted,
十几家医护后送公♥司♥
you know, over a dozen, uh, medevac, uh, operations
找到了一家可以立刻后送
and found one that was gonna get her out immediately.
(圣路加医院)
后来到了隔天早上
It was then that next morning
医院发现她体内有志贺毒素
that they found the Shiga toxins in her system
而得以确认这肯定是来自大肠杆菌
to be able to say it was definitely from E. coli.
医院说她可能撑不过这一夜
They said, “She might not make it through the night.”
要我们叫人在旧金山的儿子赶过来
“Get your son back from San Francisco.”
一位牧师在几小时内 也到场准备替她做临终祈祷
A priest was there within a couple hours to give her last rites.
史黛芬妮的病况在一夜之间快速恶化
Stephanie’s condition rapidly deteriorated overnight
病况非常危急
in a very critical condition.
我当时认为她只剩下几小时能活
I think she had a few more hours to live, unfortunately.
这是非常吓人的情况,原本非常健康
It is a very scary, uh, situation where you have a perfectly healthy,
一个很有运动细胞的17岁女生 去过春假
athletic 17-year-old female that goes on spring break,
(长角)
48小时后,却在跟死神拔河
and 48 hours later, she’s dying.
史黛芬妮当时有一位感染症专科医师
Stephanie had an infectious disease doctor
要我们尽可能蒐集相关资讯
who had us, I mean, basically, “Collect what you can.”
去问遍她的朋友
“Talk to all her friends.”
查询她的银行帐单 瞭解她吃过什麽
“Go through her bank statements to find out what she ate.”
因为我们认为无论她… 这或许有助于救她一命
‘Cause we’re thinking whatever she– This may play a role in saving her life.
所以我们滴水不漏
So we were thorough,
查明她之前一到两週
thorough to find out everything, you know, she ate
吃了哪些东西
over the, you know, previous week or two.
和她一起在潘娜拉麵包店用餐的朋友 寄了一张牌子的
Her friend who she ate at Panera with sent us a snapshot…
快照给我们
…of a sign.
这时我们才恍然大悟,萝美生菜?
It wasn’t until then that we put two and two together. “Romaine lettuce?”
数十人疑似
Dozens of people have ended up in the hospital
感染大肠杆菌而住院
with possible cases of E. coli.
来自22州共98人受到波及
Ninety-eight people from 22 different states,
成为12年来规模最大的 大肠杆菌多州疫情大爆发
making this the biggest multistate E. coli outbreak in at least 12 years.
受影响的区域是亚利桑那州犹马
The affected region is Yuma, Arizona.
我们在美国吃的生菜
Most of the lettuce that we eat in the United States
大多来自两个地方
comes from two places.
加州的中♥央♥谷和亚利桑那州犹马
It comes from California’s Central Valley, and it comes from Yuma, Arizona.
(亚利桑那州,犹马)
美国是全球前几大的 绿叶蔬菜生产和出口国
The US is one of the top producers and exporters of leafy greens.
亦即在犹马和萨利纳斯种植的生菜
So that means that the lettuce grown in Yuma and in Salinas