地平线系列：药物依赖（2010）

来吧 你的热巧克力好了
Come on, your hot chocolate’s ready.
现在 五年过去了
Now, five years later,
利亚姆的生活有了很大改变
Liam’s life has been transformed.
到你了
Here you go.
-谢谢 一二三四五 -打断一下
– Thank you. One, two, three, four, five. – Excuse me.
下一个到谁
Whose go is it next?
-我 -不是我 是你
-Mine? – No it was me, you…
他现在能够集中注意力
His newfound ability to concentrate
多亏了这种叫哌醋甲酯的药
is largely thanks to a drug called methylphenidate,
大家更熟悉的是它的商品名 利他林
best known to most of us by a brand name – Ritalin.
大概30到40分钟就能发挥药效
It takes about 30-40 minutes for it to work,
当然也并非利亚姆突然就变温顺
and it’s not like Liam suddenly goes docile.
它只是有种镇定的功效
It just basically does have a calming effect on him.
他不再过度亢奋
He doesn’t seem to be as hyperactive
服药期间他可以安静地坐着
on the medication and he is able to sit quietly,
可以集中精力在他的作业上
be able to focus on things like his homework
或者 只是…
or just, just basically have
只是过上正常一点的生活
a more normal life, really.
如同对成千上万其他孩子一样
And, as for thousands of other children,
利他林对利亚姆非常有效
Ritalin has had a remarkable effect on Liam.
我感觉很镇静
I feel calm.
没有觉得很激动
I don’t feel like excited.
我以前觉得精力充沛
I feel energy because I
如果我愿意我可以跑一天
can just run around all day if I wanted to
但我现在只是觉得很镇静
but I’m just calm now.
也有点兴奋
And I’m excited as well.
如果没有药物帮助
Now without the medication,
你可以给利亚姆禁足 但第二天
you could ground Liam and he would go back the next day
他会又会重犯让他禁足的错误
and do the same thing that he’d been grounded for.
在药物的帮助下 他可以去更清楚地
With medication it just enables him to consider the consequences,
考虑行动的后果
a little bit more clearly, of his actions.
研究人员是在偶然间
It was only by accident
发现像利他林这种药
that researchers discovered drugs like Ritalin
可以帮助有行为问题的儿童更好地集中精力
could help children with behavioural problems concentrate better.
这些药在50年前
These drugs were originally designed
是为治疗成人的抑郁症而设计的
50 years ago for the treatment of adults with depression.
然而直到现在
It’s only now
我们才开始了解它的作用机理
we are beginning to understand how they work.
ADHD是由于大脑中
ADHD is believed to be caused by an imbalance
控制注意力和工作记忆区域里的
of key chemical messengers in the areas
关键化学递质不平衡引起的
of the brain that control attention and working memory.
利他林似乎能让这些
Ritalin appears to make these
递质更加强效 进而帮助恢复注意力
messengers more effective, helping to restore attention.
和所有药物一样 利他林也有副作用
Like all drugs, Ritalin comes with a cost.
它可能引起食欲降低和失眠
It can cause a loss of appetite and insomnia.
但现在又发现了它的另一个功效
But now another benefit has
可以惠及我们所有人
been revealed from which we could all profit.
起初我吃它 并没有感觉到不同
Initially when I took the Ritalin, I didn’t feel any difference.
等到一段时间过后
Only really afterwards did I actually
才发现我比平时更集中精力
notice that I felt slightly more focused than I usually do.
我发现要进入那种
I found it really difficult to kind of get into that mental state
干坐着不干活的精神状态很困难
where I kind of felt I could just sit and do nothing.
我发现自己在找东西来占据注意力
I found myself looking for things to occupy my attention.
利他林也可以用作认知增强剂
Ritalin can work as a cognitive enhancer.
如果一个没有患ADHD的人服用它
If a person without ADHD takes it,
它可以使他们更聪明
it can make them cleverer.
这个发现并没有被学术精英们忽视
It’s a discovery not lost on the country’s academic elite.
在剑桥大学 学生们滥用利他林
Here at Cambridge University, students are abusing Ritalin
或者它的类似物莫♥达♥非♥尼♥ 来增进学业
or its close relative, modafinil, to help them get ahead.
我的一些朋友服用他们所谓的莫达聪明剂
A few of my friends do what they call modafi-vising.
它可以使他们24小时保持兴奋
It can keep them up for 24 hours and they can keep on going.
我想他们过后肯定会很心烦意乱
I think they feel pretty shocking after it,
但如果要在短时间里完成大量工作
but if you need to do a lot of work in a short amount of time,
这就是我所知道的有效方法
then that’s one way I’ve heard it can be done.
我认为服用利他林的人
People who do take Ritalin, I think they see
看到了它的好处 它的确帮助他们复习
the benefits of it and it does help them with their revision.
我的那些服用过的朋友表现更出色一些
My friends that do, tend to do pretty well but I,
但我还是愿意相信是因为他们天资聪颖
I like to think that’s because they’re quite clever.
埃德服用利他林 并非出于不当目的
Ed wasn’t taking Ritalin for illicit gain.
他是在这位女士的委托下服用的
He took it at the behest of this woman.
芭芭拉·萨哈金
Barbara Sahakian is Professor of
是剑桥大学临床神经心理学的教授
Clinical Neuropsychology at Cambridge University.
她在研究治疗ADHD的药物
She’s researching what drugs for
对健康人♥大♥脑的作用
those with ADHD can do to the brains of the healthy.
我们知道这个药可以用作
Well, we knew that the drug worked as a cognitive enhancer
多动症儿童的认知增强剂
for conditions like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,
但对没有问题的健康人
but would they also work in,
它也能有作用吗
in healthy people who didn’t have any problems?
我们真的可以
Could we actually boost cognition
提高健康人的认知能力吗
in somebody who was you know functioning well?
埃德是自愿受试者之一
Ed was one of her research volunteers.
他们每个人都服用利他林
They were each given Ritalin
并进行一系列的智力测试
and put through a variety of intelligence tests.
我们发现受试者不仅
Not only were we able to show an improvement in their ability
完成空间记忆任务的能力有提高
to do say a task like spatial working memory,
而且他们还表现出
but they also showed an increased
对完成任务所需的
efficacy in the neural networks in the brain
大脑神经网络的运用效率的提高
that were required to perform that task.
萨哈金教授发现这种药物
Professor Sahakian found the drug had
也可以提高健康大脑内化学递质的水平
also boosted levels of chemical messengers in healthy brains,
进而也提高他们的专注性
increasing their concentration levels too.
我们有一些惊讶于
We were a bit surprised that
它也可以提高健康人的认知能力
in healthy people you could boost cognition.
这表明 注意力不集中症状并不绝对
It reveals ADHD is not a black and white disorder.
它只是个范围 人人都可能有点
It’s a spectrum, a spectrum we are all on.
有些人很冲动
Some people are very impulsive,
有些人却一点也不
other people are not impulsive at all.
我想我们都认识这样一些朋友
I think we all know friends of
他们会做出我们不会做的事情
ours who might do something that we wouldn’t do
只要我们将范围扩大
and then it’s a question of if we go
我们就会开始发现
further up that spectrum, that we may start to find somebody
有些人并不是很健康
who is actually not functioning very well
因为他们的行为冲动或缺乏注意力
because their impulsive behaviour or their lack of attention
是不好的表现 他们亟需治疗
is very bad and therefore they do actually need a treatment.
这种使人变聪明的潜在可能性
This potential to make us all cleverer
引发一场道德上的争论
opens an ethical minefield.
我认为着是做假
I think it is cheating
因为这并不是你的本真
because it’s not your natural self.
如果你想要表现好
If you want to do well,
我认为就应该靠个人努力
I feel that should be a personal achievement
而不是通过来人为的机制来提高
as opposed to enhanced by artificial mechanisms.
如果大量的人服用它
If a lot of people took it,
那么人们就必须服用
then people would have to
这样才能和同龄人竞争
take it to be able to compete with their peers.
坦诚地说 如果这么做是合法的
To be perfectly honest, doing what it does, if it was legal,
并且安全的 那么每个人都会服用
and it was safe, everyone would be doing it.
现在一些专业人士已经开始服用了
Already it’s being put to use among professionals.
教授们用它们来帮助工作
Professors are using it to help them work,
外科医生们服用它
and surgeons are looking at it
是为了在长时间复杂手术中保持敏锐
as a way of staying alert during long and complex surgery.
但是对于萨哈金教授
But for Professor Sahakian
依然存在一个问题
the question remains
它真的能改善我们的生活吗
will it actually make our lives better?
假如我们服用提高认知的药物
Suppose we took cognitive enhancing drugs
我们在短时间内把工作做完
and we got all our work done in a short period of time,
我们就可以回家 和家人在一起
we could go home, spend time with our
改善工作与家庭之间的平衡 那很不错
family and improve our work/life balance. That would be great.
但是 当今社会
But it’s more likely with the
正朝向无休止地工作发展
type of society that we seem to be moving towards
因此更有可能出现的情况是
that it will be this 24/7